Rendering of Eko Atlantic City, Lagos
At the 15th summit of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1978, then Lieut. General Olusegun Obasanjo said, “no African nation is about to embrace communism wholesale any more than we are willing to embrace capitalism.”
In 2013 such a statement seems alien. Rejecting capitalism is not a real option for African nations, right? In fact, economic growth, and the consumer culture that it pre-necessitates, is now our yardstick of progress. In contrast, social reform – the priority of an earlier generation – is on the bench.
I’m personally wary of both megalomaniac capitalism as well as of sole focus on state welfarism. Trade vs. aid-speak, if you like, makes my ovaries turn. Truth’s we need both and while social reform is crucial, in order to compete with other global actors – which African nations must do – a focus on the market economy is equally important. Whether it’s construction, education, power supply, technology or consumer goods, African nations need to become self-reliant or they will continue to get fucked over to put it bluntly.
As it is, the tendency is to view products and services with a foreign stamp as better. Books about Africa that are published in the west sell better than those published in Africa. Bridges that are built in the east are considered better than those built in Africa. Clothes with foreign labels are perceived to be better quality than those manufactured in African factories. The examples of this “betterism” mentality are everywhere. For instance, when H & M launched in Cairo, thousands of people queued for the launch as if there were no clothes in Egypt before the Swedish clothing giant arrived. In Lagos, whenever an international brand opens a flagship store, we act like God himself (sic) has come to town. This is not to sound holier-than-thou, I too am happy that I can now buy my MAC products in Lagos, for instance, and I feel proud that things I could only dream of getting a hold of as a child are now available.
How can African nations become more self-reliant?
There are many views on how Africa can become increasingly self-reliant, naturally. But one thing is clear, we need to envision a future where it is. And in order to do that, we need to first observe and define the current predicament. You cannot change what you are not thoroughly aware of. Unfortunately, however, it is the western mainstream media that has a stronghold on naming African trends, and we all know they get a hard-on from categorising Africa into reductive tropes such as “Africa rising”. Pun intended.
This is where cosmopolitanism enters into the picture.
As a concept, cosmopolitanism dates to the 4th century BC, and to the Cynics, and in particular to the ancient Greek philosopher, Diogenes, who first coined the expression. To Diogenes, belonging to any single community also meant being a citizen of the cosmos (world) and polis (city). Cosmopolitanism has since developed into, simply put, a philosophy dealing with difference from ethical, political and cultural lenses. Cosmopolitanism is the idea that as world citizens, people are different but that this precisely is the joy of being human.
Africa has numerous cosmopolitan cities as any other continent. Take for example Lagos, it’s one of the world’s largest cities and it’s one where you find Brazilian, Ethiopian, Lebanese, Ghanaian, you name it, communities together shaping their city. The same can be said of Nairobi, Cairo, Addis Ababa, Johannesburg…
Afropolitanism – a futurologist tool
One of the most popular conceptualisations of cosmopolitanism in an African context is Achille Mbembe’s 2007 essay about Afropolitanism (African cosmopolitanism) in Africa Remix where he said,
As I see it, the vocabulary of racial freedom is not enough to deal with these questions. What needs to be done is to discover a language within which these fractured linkages can be understood and redeemed. I suggest that Afropolitanism is that language and that concept.
A year earlier, Taiye Selasi, said, more famously, that, “Afropolitans are not citizens, but Africans, of the world”. I would add “and Afropolitanism is a conceptual tool that they use to envision a future Africa.”
Needless to say this is a future where Africa is self- reliant, enriched by our differences and benefiting from what the world has to offer via regional and global partnerships.
It is not the naming itself but whether it can create dialogue
The process of naming the African zeitgeist can be useful for strategic dialogue. As Kwame Appiah writes in his book about cosmopolitanism with the eponymous title, “cosmopolitanism is not the name of the solution but of the challenge”. The same extends to Afropolitanism.
Afropolitanism, like its predecessor, pan-Africanism, has the rare position of being an idea by Africans about Africans. However, while Afropolitanism is yet to be fully fleshed out and critics have passionately, scathingly and, OK, justifiably, engaged with its tensions (although I would argue that the critics totally missed the point), pan-Africanism in its turn has failed, among other things, to evaluate its strong ties to socialism in an increasingly capitalist Africa and to criticise the conflation of its ideologies with intrastatal institutions as the AU.
The AU is right to call itself a pan-African institution, don’t get me wrong, but there is tension in that many member nations are plagued by “un”-pan-African practices such as ethnic conflict and corruption.
So, here are some questions I would like us to consider.
How do African societies whose cultural and social ambitions are pan-African, reconcile the rise of individuality – as capitalist societies encourage? How do they reconcile the prominence of global brands in Africa? Can Afropolitanism – as a futurologist tool – provide a vision for combining financial growth and self-reliance while also tackling the structural causes of inequality and poverty? Can it perhaps ensure that a pan-African consciousness shapes all economic policy? Can an Afropolitan ethos help create a thriving job sector? Could it help create measurable tools to aid wealth distribution? Can its youthfulness and promise be used to reform education? Can its freshness create new buiness models that support the creative industry? And could it – considering its roots of fellow citizenship – be an aid to solving conflicts? Can afropolitanism, provide impetus to modernise traditions that reinforce class or gender hierarchies? With a connected Afropolitan vision, can Africa’s cities be environmentally conscious, perhaps by adapting old ways of living with nature? Can it change regressive attitudes about Africans within and outside Africa? Further, ours is a time when culture & arts in Africa continue to be often tied to western institutions: can Afropolitanism, as a theory by Africans for Africans, be a useful tool to critique the dominance of western backed initiatives without falling into the unattractive blindspot of hypocrisy? Basically, can afropolitanism offer a vocabulary which can help in creating a self-reliant Africa, one which realises its economic, social and cultural potential simultaneously?
I believe that it can.
What say you? Yes you! Share thoughts.
I totally agree that African countries should not follow the megalomaniac capitalism that has plagued Western Europe and the States with debt curse, broken societal values and no real sense of future. For a pan-African consciousness that shapes economic policy, maybe its time to revisit socialism based on common ownership before we end up owing all our debt to China like the State.
I have a problem with this statement: As it is, the tendency is to view products and services with a foreign stamp as better. Books about Africa that are published in the west sell better than those published in Africa. Bridges that are built in the east are considered better than those built in Africa. Clothes with foreign labels are perceived to be better quality than those manufactured in African factories. The examples of this “betterism” mentality are everywhere
Quality of material things is measurable. If something is better it is better. You touch it, you feel it, you wear it etc and come to a verdict. So why complain. Africa needs to improve quality of its products and not pass mediocricy for culture or cultural branding.
Thanks for starting this topic, lots of food for thought. Much of my problem with conceptualizing Afropolitanism and making a thorough judgment on it is understanding exactly what it is, and what it proposes to do for Africa. After reading your take, and others like it, I’m still unsure. You seem to imply (I could be wrong) that Africa is inescapably capitalist, and we should perhaps fully integrate into this model. By making it less megalomaniacal you propose African countries should couple market economics with social justice initiatives. Even just a cursory look at African, and indeed global, history shows that these two are actually incompatible. Free market ideology precludes social justice and self-reliance. The opening of H&M is a result of the market economy and the need “to compete with other global actors,” which you suggest is necessary. So the answer to your question “Can Afropolitanism – as a futurologist tool – provide a vision for combining financial growth and self-reliance while also tackling the structural causes of inequality and poverty?” is possibly no, since the imperative of financial growth is what is leading to inequality and poverty. Does Afropolitanism advocate for working within the system and using it to its benefit, a system that has proven to be broken? If so, I don’t see this as a futurologist tool because it is not imaginative. It’s conformist. Pan-Africanism for all its faults, presented a new vision for the liberation of the continent. This was not only in the context of independence from colonialism, but it was also liberating African people from neo-colonialism and imperialism-two forces that are clearly still at play (in new guises, namely in the form of globalization and the free market). So, I guess my question for you is, how does Afropolitanism present a challenge to the awful status quo? How does it propose to liberate African people and envision a better world, a different world?
@Ossob, thanks for the comment.
To comment on your point about what Afropolitanism proposes to do for Africa, what seems clear to me is that it’s a concept engaging with African influences on the world and world influences in Africa as a result looking at the complexity of the times we find ourselves in (the stubborn problems and the promising developments). However, I’d say that Afropolitanism is a baby of a philosophy, so there is no clear answer to what it can do. This of course presents both tension and opportunity. Tension, because we are approaching it with diverse, and even divisive views. Opportunity, well, for the same reasons. It can create strategic dialogue if it turns out that it describes something which already is brewing. If it doesn’t, it will exit our consciousness.
This post is an attempt to further flesh it out and I appreciate your contribution especially regarding the implications of capitalism, which Afropolitanism must grapple with.
Capitalism has become the norm in all parts of the world, that is why I included the Obasanjo quote. However problematic, capitalism won. And this is a fact we need to consider in any discussion about African futures alongside discussions on justice and real progress. Which is not to say that this capital-centric journey humanity has embarked on is at all sustainable. Indeed, as you point out, social justice and capitalism are not traditional bedfellows.
BUT, if they can be, (and I think that is possible simply because it has to be or the future is terribly bleak), then Africa, due to its position in the world, is the best continent to come up with ideas of how to do that. I really think so. Due to our history, collectively, we will never step away from social justice entirely.
For instance, much of the discussion about Afropolitanism has been around the commodification of African goods, and indeed we may market our Ankara dresses and Kente ipad cases but we (and I emphasise that it is “we” not “them”) may also do so with purpose and awareness of our business contributing to something larger. We may exhibit our art at trendy spaces in the west but the ancestors’ spirits are necessarily there, sprinkling social consciousness on our brushes, stencils, words, pianos etc. Same applies to larger corporations. Consider Guaranty Trust Bank, for example. A good example of a business with a commitment to social change.
Yes, pan-Africanism presented a new vision for the continent and I think it still can do/does, but as a younger sibling to pan-Africanism, Afropolitanism has connections to new technology, social media and contemporary arts, literature etc., which can aid in fulfilling a key goal of pan Africanism that the latter seems to have lost the grip on, which is to bring Africans to know about each other despite differences for the sake of change and complete decolonisation.
“Does Afropolitanism advocate for working within the system and using it to its benefit, a system that has proven to be broken? If so, I don’t see this as a futurologist tool because it is not imaginative. It’s conformist. ”
Could you elaborate on this point, I didn’t fully understand why it would be conformist?
@Webster: Quality of material things is indeed measurable, yet is quality of mindset? She is not critiquing the perception of the quality of the goods themselves as much as the inherent quality of the marketed mind to which these goods are being sold. Measurements of quality for many goods, especially clothing, are not common knowledge, at least here in the states, so her point is valid. If people don't know how quality is physically created and measured, and only rely on heresay and brand names to substitute for this lack of awareness, then the goods themselves are not the problem, the people themselves are.